ao2.it
Antonio Ospite, theorist attacks

Memento:

When writing shell scripts keep an eye on subshell creation to avoid unexpected results.

Today I was doing something along these lines:

#!/bin/sh

TOT=0

seq 1 3 | \
while read n;
do
  TOT=$(expr -- $TOT + $n)
  echo $TOT
done

echo $TOT

Which led to this output:
1
3
6
0

Definitely not what I would have expected.

Fortunately the web came to the rescue, see this detailed explanation of what's going on here. It turned out that piping a command into a while loop makes bash to fork a subshell, so the variable values are not preserved when the subshell completes its execution.

You can workaround the issue by putting the output of the command into a HEREDOC string and redirecting that into the loop:

#!/bin/sh

TOT=0

while read n;
do
  TOT=$(expr -- $TOT + $n)
  echo $TOT
done <<EOF 
$(seq 1 3)
EOF

echo $TOT

Which gives:
1
3
6
6